{"id":21234,"date":"2017-10-19T00:30:36","date_gmt":"2017-10-18T22:30:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/?p=21234"},"modified":"2024-09-26T17:01:48","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T15:01:48","slug":"clause-de-reserve-de-propriete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/clause-de-reserve-de-propriete\/","title":{"rendered":"La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est une clause contractuelle, utilis\u00e9e dans le cadre de relations d\u2019affaires. En pratique, cette clause est tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quemment ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans les contrats de vente, car elle prot\u00e8ge le vendeur en cas d\u2019impay\u00e9s, mais \u00e9galement dans le cadre d\u2019une proc\u00e9dure collective affectant l\u2019acheteur.<\/p>\n<p>Valoxy, cabinet d&rsquo;expertise comptable dans les Hauts de France, fait aujourd\u2019hui le point sur les aspects juridiques de cette clause.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Le droit commun des contrats suppose que le transfert de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de la chose s\u2019op\u00e8re \u00e0 la conclusion du contrat, lors de l\u2019\u00e9change des consentements. D\u2019une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, le contrat est r\u00e9put\u00e9 form\u00e9 lorsque les parties se sont accord\u00e9es sur la chose et sur le prix.<\/p>\n<p>En mati\u00e8re de vente, par principe, la conclusion du contrat entra\u00eene transfert imm\u00e9diat de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019acheteur. Le droit s\u2019accorde \u00e0 dire que le contrat est ainsi <u>translatif de propri\u00e9t\u00e9<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, les parties peuvent convenir d\u2019une d\u00e9rogation \u00e0 ce principe en ins\u00e9rant une clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 dans un contrat de vente ou encore un contrat de d\u00e9p\u00f4t ou de pr\u00eat.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><u>A quoi sert la clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ?<\/u><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cette clause est avant tout un instrument de garantie pour le vendeur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ainsi elle va permettre au vendeur d\u2019\u00eatre propri\u00e9taire du bien jusqu\u2019au complet paiement du prix.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019article 2367 du Code civil dispose que \u00ab\u00a0<em>la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;un bien peut \u00eatre retenue en garantie par l&rsquo;effet d&rsquo;une clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 qui suspend l&rsquo;effet translatif d&rsquo;un contrat jusqu&rsquo;au complet paiement de l&rsquo;obligation qui en constitue la contrepartie.<\/em> La propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi r\u00e9serv\u00e9e est l&rsquo;accessoire de la cr\u00e9ance dont elle garantit le paiement. \u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cette clause permet de pr\u00e9venir l\u2019\u00e9ventuelle insolvabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019acheteur<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En effet, en cas de proc\u00e9dure collective de l\u2019acheteur, cette clause est tr\u00e8s efficace, et facile \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre puisqu\u2019elle pr\u00e9sume que le bien n\u2019est jamais sorti du patrimoine du vendeur\u00a0: en r\u00e9cup\u00e9rant ainsi la marchandise non pay\u00e9e, elle permet d\u2019\u00e9viter au cr\u00e9ancier concern\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9viter la \u00ab\u00a0concurrence\u00a0\u00bb des autres cr\u00e9anciers sur le patrimoine du d\u00e9biteur\u00a0!<\/p>\n<h3><strong><u><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Conditions de la r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 :<\/span> <\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Elle doit \u00eatre convenue par les parties au contrat<strong> <u>au plus tard avant<\/u><\/strong> la livraison de la chose.<\/li>\n<li>Elle doit \u00eatre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9e<strong> <u>par \u00e9crit<\/u> <\/strong>et avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9e par les deux parties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019acceptation de l\u2019acheteur peut \u00eatre expresse ou tacite. L\u2019id\u00e9al \u00e9tant que cette clause soit stipul\u00e9e dans un \u00e9crit pour \u00e9viter de remettre en cause l\u2019acceptation certaine du vendeur\u2026<\/p>\n<p>En pratique la clause est ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans les contrats, bons de livraison, factures, conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de vente ou encore bons de commande\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Le vendeur impay\u00e9 dispose d\u2019une <strong><u>action dite en revendication<\/u><\/strong> lorsque l\u2019acheteur ne paye pas en temps voulu ou ne paye pas int\u00e9gralement le prix. Cette action va lui permettre de justifier sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sur le bien.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><u><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-18888\" src=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/recherche4-1.jpg\" alt=\"Clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9\" width=\"273\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/recherche4-1.jpg 750w, https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/recherche4-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/recherche4-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/recherche4-1-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\" \/>L\u2019existence de l\u2019action en revendication<\/span> <\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>La mise en \u0153uvre de l\u2019action en revendication s\u2019op\u00e8re lorsque l\u2019acheteur se trouve en proc\u00e9dure collective c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire en proc\u00e9dure de sauvegarde, de redressement judiciaire ou de liquidation judiciaire.<\/p>\n<p>A cet \u00e9gard, le vendeur va faire valoir son droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sur la chose objet du contrat.<\/p>\n<p>Attention, la chose doit exister au moment de l\u2019ouverture de la proc\u00e9dure collective. Il est donc essentiel de pouvoir lister, par le biais d\u2019un inventaire, les biens concern\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h4>nature du bien<\/h4>\n<p>La chose peut \u00eatre un bien mobilier ou immobilier, elle doit \u00eatre identifiable et individualisable.<\/p>\n<p>La chose peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre une chose fongible, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire porter sur un bien de m\u00eame nature et de m\u00eame qualit\u00e9 (l\u2019exemple courant est le bl\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>Le vendeur adressera une demande par lettre recommand\u00e9e avec accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception \u00e0 l\u2019administrateur judiciaire. (Ou au d\u00e9biteur lui-m\u00eame si aucun administrateur n\u2019est d\u00e9sign\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>Une copie est adress\u00e9e au mandataire judiciaire.<\/p>\n<p>Cette demande doit \u00e9videmment \u00eatre appuy\u00e9e d\u2019une copie de l\u2019\u00e9crit qui mat\u00e9rialise la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019article L624-9 du Code de commerce pr\u00e9cise \u00e0 ce titre :\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0<em>la\u00a0 revendication des meubles ne peut \u00eatre exerc\u00e9e que dans le <u>d\u00e9lai de trois mois<\/u> suivant la publication du jugement ouvrant la proc\u00e9dure collective \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l\u2019acheteur\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En cas de refus ou d\u2019absence de r\u00e9ponse, le vendeur disposera d\u2019un d\u00e9lai d\u2019un mois pour saisir le juge commissaire.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins plusieurs cas de figures sont \u00e0 distinguer\u00a0selon la nature du bien en cause:<\/p>\n<h4><strong>S\u2019il y a destruction ou vol du bien<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/h4>\n<p>l\u2019action en revendication s\u2019appliquera sur l\u2019indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019assurance per\u00e7ue.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>S\u2019il y a revente du bien \u00a0par l\u2019acheteur<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/h4>\n<p>Cette hypoth\u00e8se concerne le cas o\u00f9 ce m\u00eame bien a \u00e9t\u00e9 revendu par l\u2019acheteur \u00e0 un sous-acqu\u00e9reur. (Alors m\u00eame que le vendeur en est encore le propri\u00e9taire l\u00e9gitime).<\/p>\n<p>La loi distingue les cas selon que le sous-acqu\u00e9reur est de bonne ou de mauvaise foi. (Selon qu\u2019il ignorait ou non la clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9.)<\/p>\n<p>Si le sous-acqu\u00e9reur ignorait la pr\u00e9sence de la clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9, la revendication ne sera pas possible. N\u00e9anmoins, le vendeur initial pourrait r\u00e9clamer au sous-acqu\u00e9reur la fraction du prix qui n\u2019a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9gl\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019acheteur initial. Si le sous-acqu\u00e9reur s\u2019av\u00e8re \u00eatre de mauvaise foi et qu\u2019il n\u2019ignorait pas la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9, alors l\u2019action en revendication sera pleinement r\u00e9alisable.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>S\u2019il y a incorporation du bien vendu<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/h4>\n<p>Il est n\u00e9cessaire que le bien ait pu \u00eatre r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 sans \u00eatre endommag\u00e9, ni endommager le bien auquel il a \u00e9t\u00e9 incorpor\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Cette clause est avantageuse puisqu\u2019elle \u00e9vite les pesanteurs de la proc\u00e9dure collective. Elle \u00e9vite aussi le risque pour le vendeur de ne jamais\u00a0 retrouver son bien ou de ne jamais \u00eatre pay\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Il est donc pertinent de l\u2019ins\u00e9rer syst\u00e9matiquement dans tous les contrats, pour pr\u00e9venir l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019une d\u00e9faillance de l\u2019acheteur.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Pour en savoir plus sur les proc\u00e9dures collectives, consultez nos pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents articles sur le blog <\/span><span class=\"s2\">de <\/span><span class=\"s1\">Valoxy\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/liquidation-judiciaire\/\"><span class=\"s4\">La liquidation judiciaire<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/procedure-de-sauvegarde-pour-entreprises-difficulte-19122014avalchriib\/\"><span class=\"s4\">La proc\u00e9dure de sauvegarde pour les entreprises en difficult\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/redressement-judiciaire-24122014avalchrib\/\"><span class=\"s4\">Le redressement judiciaire<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est une clause contractuelle, utilis\u00e9e dans le cadre de relations d\u2019affaires. En pratique, cette clause est tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quemment ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans les contrats de vente, car elle prot\u00e8ge le vendeur en cas d\u2019impay\u00e9s, mais \u00e9galement&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-juridique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 | Blog Valoxy - Expertise comptable<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est une clause contractuelle utilis\u00e9e dans les relations d\u2019affaires, qui prot\u00e8ge le vendeur en cas d\u2019impay\u00e9s.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/valoxy.org\/blog\/clause-de-reserve-de-propriete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La clause de r\u00e9serve de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 | Blog Valoxy - 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